STRUCTURES DE PHRASES
AFFIRMATION
SUJET-VERBE-COMPLEMENT
He gets up at 5 o'clock every morning. (présent simple) Il se lève à 5 heures tous les matins.
He is reading a book. (présent continu) Il lit un livre.
He played tennis. (prétérit simple) Il jouait au tennis.
He was playing tennis. (prétérit continu) Il jouait au tennis.
He will play cards. (futur) Il jouera aux cartes.
NEGATION
SUJET-AUXILIAIRE-NOT-VERBE-COMPLEMENT
He does not get up at 5 o'clock.
He is not reading a book.
He did not play tennis.
He was not playing tennis.
He won't play tennis.
INTERROGATION
AUXILIAIRE-SUJET-VERBE-COMPLEMENT ?
Does he get up at 5 o'clock?
Is he reading a book?
Did he play tennis?
Was he playing tennis?
Will he play cards?
Liste des auxiliaires:
* be (être)
* do
* have + participe passé (lorsque have (avoir) n'est pas suivi d'un participe passé, il n'est pas auxiliaire!)
* auxiliaires de modalité: will, may, must, can...
EXERCICES
1°) Poser la question sur l’élément souligné :
1. She is in her bedroom.
2. Matt and his sister like dancing.
3. Dan was born in 1990.
4. He is 5 feet 4 inches .
5. He left the office because he was upset.
6. Sue bought five books.
7. Peter went to Italy last month.
8. The school is 2 miles from here.
9. This CD costs 10£.
10. Walter is sixteen years old.
CORRECTION
1. She is in her bedroom. ------> Where is she?
2. Matt and his sister like dancing. ------> What do they like doing?
3. Dan was born in 1990. ------> When was he born?
4. He is 5 feet 4 inches . ------> How tall is he?
5. He left the office because he was upset. ------> Why did he leave his office?
6. Sue bought five books. ------> What did she buy?
7. Peter went to Italy last month. ------> Who went to Italy last month?
8. The school is 2 miles from here. ------> How far is the school?
9. This CD costs 10£. ------> How much does this CD cost?
10. Walter is sixteen years old. ------> How old is Walter?
LE PRESENT SIMPLE
Conjugaison
To like (aimer)
Phrases affirmatives
|
Phrases négatives |
Phrases interrogatives |
I like
You like
He / She/ It likes
We like
You like
They like
|
I do not like
You do not like
He / She / It does not like
We do not like
You do not like
They do not like
|
Do I like...?
Do you like...?
Does he/ she/ it like...?
Do we like...?
Do you like...?
Do they like...?
|
Remarque: Il y a un "s" à la 3e personne du singulier.
Après -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, on ajoute -es: she watches it brushes he watches he mixes
Noter les verbes "do" et "go": he does / goes
Pour les verbes finissant en -y, le y se transforme en i. Ex: to fly----> he flies.
NB: Contraction de l'auxiliaire et la négation "not":
I do not like this book----------------> I don't like this book
He does not like this book---------> He doesn't like this book.
Le "n" est collé à l'auxiliaire et l'apostrophe remplace le "o" de "not".
Auxiliaires être (to be) et avoir (to have):
TO BE
|
TO HAVE
|
I am (I'm)
You are (You're)
He / She / It is (He's)
We are (We're)
You are (You're)
They are (They're)
|
I have (I've)
You have (You've)
He / She / It has (He's)
We have (We've)
You have (You've)
They have (They've)
|
Emploi
Le Present Simple ne correspond pas exactement au présent français. On dit souvent qu'il a une valeur atemporelle, car il peut renvoyer au passé ou à l’avenir. Il s'utilise pour parler:
* de vérités permanentes :
The sun rises in the East.
Le soleil se lève à l’Est.
Water boils at 100°C.
L'eau bout à 100°C
* de propriétés du sujet (état, goûts, apparence, perceptions):
Deb thinks that it is too late.
Deb pense qu'il est trop tard.
Kate likes playing tennis.
Kate aime jouer au tennis.
She wants to become a nurse.
Elle veut devenir infirmière.
It sounds strange.
Cela semble étrange.
She looks tired.
Elle semble fatiguée.
* d'une action habituelle:
They usually play football on Sundays.
Ils jouent habituellement au football le dimanche.
She often goes to the theatre.
Elle va souvent au théâtre.
* d'indications scéniques, de romans, d'événements sportifs en direct...:
She suddenly looks at him and says : " I won't!".
Elle le regarde soudain et dit : " je ne veux pas! ".
* d'un événement futur programmé:
The president leaves for Paris at 10 tomorrow.
Le président part pour Paris demain à 10 heures.
LE PRESENT CONTINU
Conjugaison
To work ( travailler) BE + V-ing
Phrases affirmatives
|
Phrases négatives |
Phrases interrogatives |
I am working
You are working
He / She/ It is working
We are working
You are working
They are working
|
I am not working
You are not working
He / She / It is not working
We are not working
You are not working
They are not working
|
Am I working...?
Are you working...?
Is he/ she/ it working...?
Are we working...?
Are you working...?
Are they working...?
|
Le présent continu est également appelé présent en BE + ING, ce qui est plus explicite quant à la formation de ce temps.
Notez bien qu'avec ce temps, on utilise l'auxiliaire être, donc on n'a pas besoin de prendre l'auxiliaire "do"( contrairement au présent
simple).
Emploi
* On utilise le présent continu (ou progressif) pour une action en cours de déroulement. C'est-à-dire que lorsqu'on peut traduire par "est
en train de", on doit utiliser ce temps.
Ex: Elle lit un livre (sous-entendu en ce moment), on peut également dire:
elle est en train de lire un livre-------------> She is reading a book.
A chaque fois que l'on ne peut dire "en train de", on utilisera le présent simple.
D'autre part, certains verbes sont incompatibles avec la forme en -ing. Les plus importants sont:
be (dans la plupart des cas), believe, like, know, hate, hear, prefer, want.
* On utilise également la forme progressive pour faire un commentaire:
Ex: Il pose toujours des questions stupides! He's always asking silly questions!
LE PRETERIT SIMPLE
Conjugaison
To play (jouer) V+ed
Phrases affirmatives
|
Phrases négatives |
Phrases interrogatives |
I played
You played
He / She/ It played
We played
You played
They played
|
I did not play
You did not play
He / She / It did not play
We did not play
You did not play
They did not play
|
Did I play...?
Did you play...?
Did he/ she/ it play...?
Did we play...?
Did you play...?
Did they play...?
|
On ajoute -ed au verbe. Did est le prétérit de l'auxiliaire do.
Le prétérit est le temps du passé. En français, il existe 3 principaux temps du passé (le passé composé, l'imparfait et le passé simple). Ce qui
signifie que la phrase "she played tennis" peut se traduire par: "elle a joué au tennis", "elle jouait au tennis" ou "elle joua au tennis".
Attention aux verbes irréguliers (voir liste)
TO BE
|
TO HAVE
|
I was
You were
He / She / It was
We were
You were
They were
|
I had
You had
He / She / It had
We had
You had
They had
|
LE PRETERIT CONTINU
Conjugaison
To garden (jardiner) BE (prétérit) + V-ing
Phrases affirmatives
|
Phrases négatives |
Phrases interrogatives |
I was working
You were working
He / She/ It was working
We were working
You were working
They were working
|
I was not working
You were not working
He / She / It was not working
We were not working
You were not working
They were not working
|
Was I working...?
Were you working...?
Was he/ she/ it working...?
Were we working...?
Were you working...?
Were they working...?
|
Il se forme comme le présent continu, mais l'auxiliaire être est conjugué au prétérit.
Emploi
Ce temps s'emploie pour indiquer qu'une action ou un événement était en cours au moment donné du passé. Il correspond généralement à
un imparfait français.
While I was having a bath the phone rang.
Pendant que je prenais un bain le téléphone sonna.
What were you doing at 9 last night?
Que faisiez-vous hier soir à 9 heures?
Le prétérit continu s'emploie fréquemment en contraste avec le prétérit simple. Le prétérit continu désigne alors une action qui était en cours,
et le prétérit simple un fait qui s'est produit (qui généralement interrompt l'autre action).
She was walking, when suddenly she heard a strange noise.
Elle marchait, quand soudainement elle entendit un bruit étrange
LE PRESENT PERFECT
Conjugaison
To live (vivre) HAVE + Participe passé
Phrases affirmatives
|
Phrases négatives |
Phrases interrogatives |
I have lived
You have lived
He / She/ It has lived
We have lived
You have lived
They have lived
|
I have not lived
You have not lived
He / She / It has not lived
We have not lived
You have not lived
They have not lived
|
Have I lived...?
Have you lived...?
Has he/ she/ it lived...?
Have we lived...?
Have you lived...?
Have they lived...?
|
Emploi
Le present perfect n'a pas d'équivalent en français. Il faut donc connaître ses principaux emplois (action passée ayant un lien avec le présent):
* action qui a commencé dans le passé et qui est toujours valable dans le présent:
Ex: He has lived in Canada for 5 years.-------> Il habite au Canada depuis 5 ans.
She has worked for this company since 1990.---------> Elle travaille pour cette société depuis 1990.
Voir différence entre for et since
* "bilan du vécu": phrases qui expriment l'idée de jusqu'à présent, souvent associées à des adverbes tels que ever, never, already, yet.
Ex: Have you ever read Hamlet? ---------> As-tu déjà lu Hamlet?
Have you ever been to Japan? ----------> Es-tu déjà allé au Japon?
I have never seen that film. ----------> Je n'ai jamais vu ce film.
I have already been to Canada. ---------> Je suis déjà allé au Canada.
* actions passées qui ont des répercussions dans le présent. On met en relation un événement passé avec la situation présente:
Ex: I can't come because I have broken my leg.--------> Je ne peux pas venir parce que je me suis cassé une jambe.
I have lost my keys---------> J'ai perdu mes clés (sous-entendu: je ne les ai toujours pas retrouvées)
Lorsqu'il n'y a pas de rapport entre l'événement passé et la situation présente, il faut employer le prétérit.
Remarque: Present perfect en BE+ING: On insiste alors sur l'activité du sujet.
Ex: He has painted the door (present perfect simple) ---> La porte est peinte (résultat)
He has been painting the door (present perfect en BE+ING) ---> Il a fait de la peinture (activité du sujet)